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P5A: the ALU/Execution Units board and the operands

A project log for Discrete YASEP

a 16-bits YASEP computer (mostly) made of DIP/SOIC chips like in the 70s and 80s... with 2010's twists!

yann-guidon-ygdesYann Guidon / YGDES 11/28/2015 at 21:550 Comments

This board has not been described before but there is enough progress to do it now.

P5A has several functions but mainly, it's what transforms the operands into a result. This includes computing (add/sub/mul/SHL...), updating a couple of condition codes, assembling the operands from the different fields and even some I/O.

The board's dataflow starts with the SND and SI4 operands, which are correctly selected and latched. SND and SI4 are available on the read buses only briefly, because once they are read, the sequencer will read DST and CND (destination and condition) right away (when applicable).

SND is the operand that can be negated (for boolean operations, as well as SUB and derivatives like CMP, MIN/MAX...) so its value is latched right at the SND data read bus. The SND address (4 bits) may be reused as a destination address for the short instruction forms (but this is handled elsewhere).

SI4 is the operand that may be a register or an immediate value. Immediates may be 4, 6 or 16 bits wide in YASEP16, always sign-extended. Some MUXing is required in front of the latch. The MUX is controlled by a few bits of the instruction.
SI4 is a bit tricky because its value can come from both half-cycles of the instruction: a register value (form RR) or a sign-extended 4-bits immediate (form iR) can be written at the end of the first half-cycle, but this value can be overwritten if a) the instruction is a long immediate (form IR or IRR) or b) an extended form with short immediate (form iRR)

If the instruction is short, the SI4 register is not changed. If the instruction is long, only the 12 MSB are changed because the fields are designed to minimize bit shuffling.

The 4LSB are latched from a MUX2:

The 12MSB use a MUX4:

I apparently forgot the RRR form but that's just a it more decoding logic, no datapath modification. Sequencing will be a bit tricky too but not impossible.

One extra MUX2 layer could be added to overcome the main issue of the YASEP ISA. Relative jumps are limited by the small width of the SI4 operand in extended form. The new ISA (defined in 2014) extends the imm4 field from 4 to 6 bits with a clever reduced-size "update" field but the range is still +31/-32 bytes, or +7/-8 long instructions only.

The range can be extended in two ways but they both need extra logic in the critical datapath to detect a iRR add with PC as destination and source (ADD x PC PC condition)

These two methods are complementary but have side effects when put together. To effectively increment the shifted Imm6 value, the LSB (bit n°0) must be set to 1 so the carry-in of the ALU will ripple to bit n°1.

However, detecting the right condition uses gates and takes time. The first conditions are evaluated while the register set is being read so it's painless:

However the second half of the instruction becomes critical:

Since this condition can only be found after the first nibble of SI4 has been latched, the shift must occur after the latch...

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